Piano keys under loads and stresses

Investigating the Deformation of Piano Action Components and Its Impact on Playability

Our research into piano action components delves deep into the relationship between material properties, production methodologies, and their effects on the playing experience. Over the years, we have developed thousands of keys using a wide range of materials, including ceramics, metals, and various types of wood, each manufactured using different processes such as molding, additive technologies, and subtractive techniques. These efforts have been complemented by extensive testing of critical components like bushings and bearings, all grounded in scientific principles.

Central to this research is our proprietary key design software. This software not only designs the keyboards but also provides detailed simulations of how each design will perform. It predicts the level of key deformation under specific playing conditions—whether during delicate pianissimo or forceful forte passages—and programs the machines for manufacturing. The result is a streamlined process that ensures both ergonomic interfaces and production scalability, making our designs more accessible and reliable than ever.

Our research doesn’t stop at understanding deformation. We also conducted controlled studies to explore how players respond to keys that deform under load. By intentionally designing sets of keys with specific, controlled levels of deformation, we were able to identify the “just noticeable difference” (JND)—the point at which players begin to perceive a change in the key's response. This invaluable data helps us not only design more ergonomic keyboards but also ensure that these designs stay within thresholds that maintain optimal playability.

This holistic approach to research and development, where data-driven insights meet real-world testing, enables us to continually push the boundaries of piano design. Through our rigorous testing, we can anticipate how each material and method will impact both performance and manufacturing, ensuring that each keyboard we produce offers the best possible playing experience.